Masonries

Masonries refers to the craft and pattern of constructing structures from stone, brick, or concrete block. It encompasses load-bearing walls, veneers, arches, vaults, and decorative elements. The term can refer to the works produced or the trade of the mason.

Historically, masonry is one of the oldest building techniques. Stone and fired clay bricks have been used since ancient times; civilizations such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome developed standardized sizes and bonding patterns. Medieval builders advanced masonry with thick walls and arches; the mason's craft diversified into ashlar, rubble, and brickwork. In the modern era, Portland cement and standardized mortars broadened possibilities.

Materials and methods vary: stone masonry uses natural stone with ashlar or rubble; brick masonry uses bricks with mortar; concrete block masonry uses concrete units. Mortars can be lime-based or cement-based. Bond and coursing patterns (running bond, English bond, Flemish bond) influence strength and appearance. Veneer masonry attaches a non-load-bearing layer to a structure; structural masonry carries loads.

Construction and performance: Masonry provides durability, weather resistance, and thermal mass. Durability depends on material, workmanship, and exposure; common problems include cracking, moisture intrusion, efflorescence, and freeze-thaw damage. Proper detailing at openings and joints is crucial. Maintenance may involve repointing and sealing, depending on climate.

Profession and standards: Masons are tradespeople trained through apprenticeships or formal programs. Building codes and standards govern materials and workmanship; seismic design provisions affect masonry in earthquake-prone areas. Masonry continues to be valued for its aesthetics and long-term durability.