Masonry

Masonry is the construction of structures from individual units such as bricks, stones, or concrete blocks, which are laid in and bound together by mortar. Common applications include load-bearing walls, partitions, arches, and façades, as well as decorative elements. Masonry can be used with or without additional reinforcement to achieve various structural and aesthetic effects.

Historically, masonry dates to ancient civilizations that developed fired bricks and cut stone. The Romans advanced mortar and concrete, enabling large spans and durable walls. In the Middle Ages masonry formed the core of cathedrals, fortifications, and towns, and later centuries saw modernization through standardized units, better mortars, and reinforced masonry systems.

Units include bricks, concrete blocks, and natural or dimension stone. Mortars are typically lime- or cement-based, with sand as a filler. The choice of coarse aggregate, binder, and additives affects workability, bond, shrinkage, and durability. In modern practice masonry may incorporate reinforced cores or grouted cells to improve tensile strength.

Construction relies on bonding patterns that distribute loads and resist cracking. Common bonds are running, English, Flemish, and stack. Joints may be filled or flush; finishing can include pointing or plastering. Masonry walls can be load-bearing or used as veneers, and may be designed as unreinforced or reinforced with steel bars and grouted cores where needed.

Performance characteristics include high compressive strength and durability, but relatively low tensile strength and limited fire resistance without proper detailing. Thermal mass provides heat storage, and moisture management requires proper detailing to prevent staining and freeze–thaw damage. Maintenance may involve repointing and sealing, depending on exposure.

Codes and standards govern material specifications, workmanship, and safety. Masonry is valued for longevity, a natural appearance, and resilience, though construction quality depends on material quality, design, and construction practices.