Mariology

Mariology is the theological study and devotional focus on Mary, the mother of Jesus, within Christian tradition. It encompasses both doctrinal teachings and devotional practices, and its scope ranges from Christological sources to pious practices aimed at Mary’s intercession and example.

A central element is Theotokos, a title meaning "God-bearer" or "Mother of God," affirmed by the Council of Ephesus in 431 to express Mary’s role in the person of Christ. In Catholic doctrine, additional dogmas include the Immaculate Conception (Mary conceived without sin, defined in 1854) and the Assumption (Mary’s body and soul taken into heaven, defined in 1950). The doctrine of perpetual virginity is widely held in Catholic and many Orthodox traditions, though not universally defined as dogma. The study also explores Mary’s role in salvation history, her example of faith and obedience, and her intercessory function for believers.

Devotional practices associated with Mariology include the Rosary, Marian feasts, and liturgical art such as icons and hymns. In Eastern Orthodoxy, Mary is venerated as Theotokos and Ever-Virgin, with the Dormition or Assumption among major commemorations, but without the same centralized dogmatic framework seen in Catholicism. Protestant traditions vary, with reverence for Mary in some contexts but often less emphasis on Marian doctrines or intercession. Modern Catholic theology, especially after the Second Vatican Council, distinguishes Marian veneration from worship and emphasizes scriptural foundations, ecclesial memory, and ecumenical dialogue about Mary’s place in Christian faith. Mariology remains an evolving field, balancing biblical sources, patristic and medieval tradition, and contemporary pastoral considerations.