MLCCs

MLCCs, or multi-layer ceramic capacitors, are compact capacitors formed by stacking and sintering alternating layers of ceramic dielectric material and metal electrodes into a monolithic chip. The resulting device provides a high capacitance in a small volume and is widely used in surface-mount electronics where space and cost are critical.

Construction and dielectrics: The ceramic dielectric forms the insulating body, with multiple electrode layers connected in parallel to yield a higher capacitance. Dielectric classes include Class 1 (NP0/C0G), known for stable capacitance with temperature; and Class 2 (X7R, X5R, Y5V, Z5U variants), which offer higher capacitance per volume but exhibit voltage and temperature dependence and aging. Some high-stability, low-loss variants exist for specific applications.

Electrical characteristics: MLCCs offer a range of capacitance values from fractions of a nanofarad to several microfarads in modern sizes. They have low equivalent series resistance (ESR) and inductance (ESL) in small packages, making them suitable for decoupling and filtering. However, Class 2 devices suffer from DC bias-induced capacitance loss and aging over time, and temperature coefficients vary by dielectric class.

Applications and packages: MLCCs are standard in SMD assembly and are available in sizes from 0402 to 2220 (and larger), with automotive and aerospace grades (AEC-Q200). They are used for power decoupling, signal filtering, timing, and EMI suppression across consumer electronics, automotive, and industrial equipment.

Reliability and handling: Proper soldering and mechanical handling are important to avoid cracking and moisture-related failures. They are generally robust but sensitive to mechanical stress and environmental conditions.