Lutrinae

Lutrinae is a subfamily of Mustelidae that includes the animals commonly known as otters. Members are highly specialized for an aquatic lifestyle, with streamlined bodies, dense fur, webbed feet, and strong tails. They occupy freshwater and marine habitats—from rivers and lakes to coastal shores—across parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and on some islands.

Taxonomy and genera within Lutrinae are diverse and have varied over time due to differing scientific opinions. Extant genera commonly recognized include Amblonyx (Asian small-clawed otter), Aonyx (African clawless otters), Enhydra (sea otters), Lutra (Eurasian otter), Lontra (river otters of the Americas and parts of Eurasia), Pteronura (giant otter), and Lutrogale (smooth-coated otter). Some classifications also reflect historical or alternative arrangements, with certain species previously placed in Hydrictis or other groupings; such placements illustrate ongoing debates in otter systematics.

Ecology and behavior: Otters are carnivorous and opportunistic, feeding mainly on fish but also consuming crustaceans, mollusks, and small vertebrates. Sea otters are notable for using tools, such as stones to break shellfish. Social behavior varies by species; many are solitary or pair-bonded, while others may engage more in family groups. Reproduction typically involves one to several pups per litter, with parental care lasting weeks to months, depending on the species.

Conservation: Habitat degradation, pollution, overhunting for fur, and waterway disturbance have affected many Lutrinae species. While some populations remain stable or recover in protected areas, others are threatened or declining. Conservation efforts emphasize habitat protection, pollution control, and sustainable fishery practices to support diverse otter populations.