LowDensityLipoproteinCholesterin

LowDensityLipoproteinCholesterin, or LDL-C, is a lipoprotein particle that transports cholesterol in the bloodstream. LDL contains apolipoprotein B-100 and is the main cholesterol-carrying component of low-density lipoproteins. It plays a central role in cholesterol delivery to cells and is a primary biomarker in cardiovascular risk assessment.

Role in disease: LDL delivers cholesterol to tissues via LDL receptors. Excess circulating LDL-C can deposit cholesterol in arterial walls. Oxidized LDL promotes inflammation and plaque formation, contributing to atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Measurement and interpretation: LDL-C is reported in mg/dL or mmol/L. Common guidance categories: optimal below 100 mg/dL; near optimal 100–129; borderline high 130–159; high 160–189; very high 190+. The Friedewald equation estimates LDL-C from total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides when triglycerides are below 400 mg/dL; direct measurement is used otherwise.

Genetic and lifestyle factors: Familial hypercholesterolemia markedly raises LDL-C and cardiovascular risk. Diet, body weight, physical activity, and smoking influence levels. Lipid profiles should be interpreted in the context of overall risk, including non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B when available.

Management: Lowering LDL-C reduces cardiovascular risk. Approaches include dietary changes and physical activity, along with medications such as statins; alternatives include ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, and other agents in selected cases. Treatment goals are individualized according to risk factors and comorbidities.