Kosmetik

Kosmetik, or cosmetics, refers to a broad category of products applied to the body to cleanse, protect, beautify, or alter appearance. It includes skincare items such as creams and serums; hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners; color cosmetics like makeup; fragrances, deodorants, and other personal care goods.

The practice dates back to ancient civilizations, but the modern cosmetic industry expanded with mass production, synthetic ingredients, and formal safety testing in the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, cosmetics are produced worldwide and subjected to varying regulatory regimes focused on safety, labeling, and consumer information.

Regulation and safety: In the European Union, cosmetics are governed by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009. Manufacturers must ensure product safety, perform a safety assessment, and provide labeling that discloses ingredients and warnings. Some substances are prohibited or restricted, and products must be manufactured according to good manufacturing practices. In markets such as the United States, the Food and Drug Administration oversees cosmetics for safety and labeling, but pre-market approval is generally not required; enforcement targets adulterated or misbranded products and post-market issues. Many countries require safety testing, ingredient disclosure, and responsibility by a named entity for the product.

Ingredients and labeling: Common cosmetic components include emollients, surfactants, humectants, thickeners, preservatives, pigments, and fragrances. Some ingredients require allergen labeling, and sunscreen actives are regulated separately in many jurisdictions. Consumers may also encounter claims about natural, organic, or vegan formulations, with varying standards.

Trends and concerns: Regulations continue to evolve toward greater transparency, ethical sourcing, and environmental sustainability. Issues such as animal testing, microplastics, palm oil use, and packaging waste influence product development and consumer choice.