Kortikosteroidihormonia

Kortikosteroidihormonia, often referred to as corticosteroids, are a class of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex in vertebrates. They play a crucial role in a wide range of physiological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and stress management. The primary and most potent corticosteroid hormone produced in humans is cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone. Other significant corticosteroids include corticosterone and cortisone.

These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions within the adrenal glands. Their release is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a complex feedback system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands. When the body perceives stress, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then signals the adrenal cortex to produce and release corticosteroids.

Cortisol has widespread effects on the body. It helps regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism by promoting gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and protein breakdown. It also plays a critical role in suppressing the immune system, reducing inflammation, and helping the body respond to stress. This anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action is why synthetic corticosteroids are widely used as medications to treat a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

The effects of corticosteroids are mediated by binding to specific intracellular receptors, which then interact with DNA to alter gene expression. While essential for survival, imbalances in corticosteroid levels, whether too high (Cushing's syndrome) or too low (Addison's disease), can lead to serious health problems.