Korozija

Korozija, commonly known as rust in the context of iron and steel, refers to the gradual destruction of materials, primarily metals, due to chemical reactions with their environment. This process is most frequently observed in iron and steel when exposed to oxygen and moisture, leading to the formation of iron oxide, which weakens the material over time. Korozija can significantly reduce the structural integrity of metals, causing them to degrade, crack, or fail entirely, which poses risks in engineering, construction, and industrial applications.

The primary types of korozija include uniform (general) korozija, pitting korozija, crevice korozija, galvanic korozija, and stress korozija cracking. Uniform korozija occurs evenly across a metal surface, while pitting korozija forms localized holes that can penetrate quickly. Crevice korozija happens in confined spaces where oxygen is limited, and galvanic korozija occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte, accelerating degradation in the more reactive metal. Stress korozija cracking involves the combination of corrosive conditions and mechanical stress, leading to sudden failures.

Preventing korozija involves several strategies, including the use of protective coatings like paint or plating, cathodic protection (such as sacrificial anodes), and selecting corrosion-resistant materials. Environmental controls, such as reducing humidity or using corrosion inhibitors, can also mitigate the effects. Regular maintenance and inspections help identify early signs of korozija, allowing for timely interventions to extend the lifespan of metal structures.

Korozija is a widespread issue with economic implications, as it contributes to maintenance costs and material replacement in industries worldwide. Research continues to advance corrosion-resistant materials and protective technologies to combat this phenomenon effectively. Understanding korozija mechanisms is essential for engineers, scientists, and industries to ensure the durability and safety of metallic infrastructure.