Kompozitok

Kompozitok (composites) are materials formed from two or more constituent materials with different properties that remain distinct at the macroscopic level. The typical composite consists of a matrix material that binds and protects the reinforcement, and a reinforcement that provides most of the strength and stiffness.

Common classes include fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP), metal matrix composites (MMC), and ceramic matrix composites (CMC). In FRP, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) are widely used. Concrete, reinforced with steel or synthetic fibers, is also regarded as a composite; wood-based composites combine wood with polymers or resins.

Manufacturing methods vary with the material system and intended use. Processes include layup and resin transfer molding for polymer-matrix composites, autoclave curing for high-performance parts, as well as powder metallurgy for MMCs and ceramic processing for CMCs.

Key advantages include high strength-to-weight ratios, tailorability of properties in specific directions, resistance to corrosion, and favorable fatigue performance. Challenges include relatively high cost, complex processing, anisotropy, and difficulties in recycling and end-of-life management.

Applications span aerospace, automotive, wind energy, construction, sports equipment, and electronics. Historically, composites have roots in ancient reinforced materials such as wood and concrete, while modern high-performance composites emerged in the mid-20th century and have since expanded across industries.