FRP

FRP, or fiber-reinforced polymer, is a class of composite materials made by embedding reinforcing fibers in a polymer matrix. The fibers provide strength and stiffness, while the polymer binds the composite and transfers load. FRPs are anisotropic and can be tailored to achieve desired properties by arranging fiber orientations and choosing matrices.

Common fiber types include glass fibers (GFRP), carbon fibers (CFRP), and aramid fibers (AFRP, e.g., Kevlar). Matrices are typically thermosetting resins such as epoxy, vinyl ester, or polyester, though thermoplastic matrices like PEEK and PA are used in some applications. Manufacturing methods include pultrusion for constant cross-sections, filament winding for hollow shapes, resin transfer molding, and hand lay-up or prepregs for customized parts.

FRP components are lightweight yet strong, offering high strength-to-weight ratios, good corrosion and chemical resistance, and design flexibility. They can exhibit high stiffness along the reinforcement direction and lower properties perpendicular to it. Drawbacks include lower heat resistance, potential degradation under UV exposure without protection, moisture sensitivity in some matrices, and challenges in fire performance and recycling.

Applications span construction (FRP rebar, panels, bridge components), aerospace and automotive interiors, marine equipment, piping and storage tanks, wind turbine blades, and sporting goods. The use of FRP is often driven by corrosion resistance, weight savings, and long-term durability, despite higher material costs and specialized fabrication and inspection requirements.

Standards from ASTM International and ISO address FRP material properties, testing, and performance, supporting design, manufacturing, and quality assurance across industries.