Kompoziti

Kompoziti are materials composed of two or more constituent phases with distinctly different properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics not present in any of the constituents alone. The typical combination involves a matrix phase that binds and transfers load, and a reinforcement phase that provides strength or stiffness. The constituents are selected to achieve properties such as higher strength-to-weight ratio, improved stiffness, or enhanced thermal or chemical resistance. In English, such materials are generally referred to as composite materials.

Classification of kompoziti is usually by matrix type: polymer matrix composites (PMCs), metal matrix composites (MMCs), and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Within these categories, reinforcements can be fibers (continuous, woven, or short) or particles. The arrangement of the reinforcement affects properties in different directions, making many kompoziti anisotropic.

Examples include concrete, a widely used everyday composite consisting of a cementitious matrix with aggregates. Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP), such as carbon fiber-reinforced polymers and glass fiber-reinforced polymers, are common in aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods. Natural composites also exist, such as wood (cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix) and bone, which combine organic and inorganic phases.

Manufacturing approaches for kompoziti include lay-up, resin infusion, pultrusion, extrusion, and casting, among others. They typically offer high specific strength and stiffness and good corrosion resistance but can be more expensive and challenging to recycle. Interfacial bonding, moisture uptake, and residual stresses are important design considerations.

Applications span aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, energy, and consumer products. Ongoing research aims to reduce cost, improve recyclability, and advance manufacturing technologies such as automated fiber placement and 3D weaving.