Koljena

Koljena refer to the knee joints, which are complex articulations located between the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone), with the patella (kneecap) acting as a protective cover. These joints are essential for mobility, enabling movements such as walking, running, jumping, and squatting. Structurally, the knee consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and synovial fluid, all working together to provide stability and flexibility.

The knee joint is stabilized by several key ligaments, including the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). The menisci, two C-shaped cartilage structures, act as shock absorbers, distributing forces across the joint. The patella, positioned over the front of the knee, helps to increase the leverage of the thigh muscles during extension.

Common injuries and conditions affecting the knee include ligament tears (such as ACL or MCL injuries), meniscal tears, patellar dislocations, arthritis (such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis), and tendinitis (e.g., patellar tendinitis). Overuse, trauma, aging, or degenerative changes can contribute to these issues. Symptoms often include pain, swelling, stiffness, instability, or difficulty bearing weight.

Treatment for knee problems varies depending on the cause and severity. Mild cases may be managed with rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE protocol), physical therapy, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). More severe injuries, such as ligament tears, may require surgical intervention, such as reconstruction or repair. Long-term management often includes strength training, low-impact exercises, and lifestyle modifications to maintain joint health.

Preventive measures to protect the knees include maintaining a healthy weight, strengthening the muscles around the knee (particularly the quadriceps and hamstrings), using proper footwear, avoiding sudden movements, and warming up before physical activity. Proper technique during sports and exercises can also reduce the risk of knee injuries.