articulations

Articulations refer to joints in anatomy and to ways of performing notes in music, two distinct uses of the term that share a focus on connection and execution.

In anatomy, articulations are joints where two or more bones meet, enabling movement and providing stability. Joints are categorized by structure into fibrous joints (such as skull sutures), cartilaginous joints (such as the intervertebral joints), and synovial joints, which are the most mobile. A typical synovial joint consists of articular cartilage on the ends of bones, a joint capsule lined with a synovial membrane, synovial fluid for lubrication, and supporting ligaments. Movements are described as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and various rotations, defined within anatomical planes. Examples include the hinge of the elbow (flexion/extension), the ball-and-socket shoulder (multi-directional movement), and the pivot joint of the neck (rotation). Injury or disease can affect articulations, leading to dislocations or arthritis, which reduce mobility or cause pain. Treatments range from rehabilitation and braces to surgery in severe cases.

In music, articulations describe how notes are attacked and released, shaping phrasing and tone. Common types include legato (smoothly connected notes, often notated with a slur), staccato (short, detached notes marked by a dot), tenuto (slightly extended or emphasized notes marked by a dash), and accents (emphasized notes marked >). More nuanced marks include staccatissimo (very short), portato or mezzo-staccato (semi-detached notes). These marks guide performers in attack, duration, and release, influencing style and expression. The use of articulation varies across musical periods and genres, and notation can differ between string, wind, keyboard, and vocal literature.