Koduloom

Koduloom is an Estonian term that translates literally as "home animal" and is used to denote domestic animals kept by humans for companionship, work, food, or other purposes. The related plural form is koduloomad. In English contexts it corresponds to terms such as domestic animal, livestock, or pet depending on usage.

Categories of koduloomad commonly include companion animals (for example dogs and cats), livestock kept for food production (cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry), and working animals (horses, draft oxen). Small-scale and backyard species such as goats, rabbits and bees are also often classified as koduloomad in rural and peri-urban settings.

Historically, koduloomad played central roles in agriculture, transport and household economies, and they remain important for food security, rural livelihoods and human-animal relationships. Their functions range from providing meat, milk and fiber to offering companionship and performing labor.

Management of koduloomad involves husbandry practices, breeding, nutrition, housing and veterinary care. Contemporary concerns include animal welfare standards, biosecurity to prevent disease transmission, and reducing negative environmental impacts from intensive production systems.

Selective breeding and domestication have produced a wide range of breeds adapted to human needs, but these processes can reduce genetic diversity. Conservation of traditional and heritage breeds is an ongoing focus in some regions.

The concept of koduloom intersects with cultural traditions, economy and public health, shaping policies on animal welfare, farming systems and zoonotic disease prevention.