Karsztvízkészletek

Karsztvízkészletek are a form of groundwater resources located in karst rocks, typically limestone or dolostone, where dissolution creates extensive networks of conduits, voids and fracture systems. These karst aquifers store and transmit water in a manner that differs from solid rock or porous sandstone aquifers: water moves rapidly through conduits and caves, while some portions are stored in smaller secondary porosities. Recharge mainly occurs in karst recharge areas where rainfall infiltrates through the surface and sinkholes, and water then travels along underground channels to discharge points such as springs, ponors and cave systems. The result is a highly dynamic groundwater system with potentially large discharges after wet periods and rapid response to recharge events.

Hydrogeological characteristics of karsztvízkészletek include high transmissivity and variable storage distribution, with large volumes in conduits capable of producing high spring discharges. The flow regime is often conduit-dominated, leading to quick changes in groundwater levels and discharge in response to rainfall, as well as substantial lateral and vertical connectivity within the karst system. This makes karst aquifers particularly vulnerable to surface contamination, since pollutants can be transmitted quickly through conduits to springs and wells. Protection of recharge areas and springs, together with careful management of extraction, are essential to ensure sustainable yields.

Use and assessment of karsztvízkészletek rely on hydrogeological mapping, discharge measurements, pumping tests, tracer experiments (dye tracing), and hydrochemical analyses. They are a major source of drinking water in many regions and support irrigation and ecological flows. In Hungary and Central Europe, notable karst regions such as Aggtelek and Bükk provide significant karst groundwater resources.