wells

Wells are structures constructed to access groundwater stored beneath the Earth's surface. They provide a source of drinking water, irrigation, and industrial supply in regions where surface water is limited. The primary purpose is to bring subsurface water to the surface for use.

Construction and types: Dug wells are shallow and typically lined with stone, brick, or concrete to prevent collapse and limit contamination. Drilled wells reach deeper aquifers and are cased and grouted to protect the surrounding rock and prevent surface infiltration. Driven wells use a driven pipe pushed into soft ground, often found in older installations. Common components include the wellhead, casing or lining, screen, pump (manual, electric, or submersible), storage tank, and a protective cap.

Operation and maintenance: Wells require regular inspection of the casing and seals, periodic water quality testing, and disinfection after repairs. Protective measures such as proper well placement, setbacks from septic systems or agricultural runoff, and sealing of abandoned wells are important for safety and sustainability.

Water quality and regulation: Groundwater quality depends on geology and nearby activities. Contamination risks may include microbes, nitrates from fertilizers, or chemical pollutants. Many jurisdictions require regular testing, licensed drillers, and compliance with water-safety standards.

History and impact: Wells have supported settlements and agriculture since ancient times, enabling reliable access to groundwater and influencing settlement patterns and regional water management.

Other uses of the term: Wells is also a surname and appears in various place names.