Karsinoomat

Karsinoomat, the Turkish term for carcinoma, refers to a malignant tumor that arises from epithelial cells lining or covering organs and body surfaces. Carcinomas originate in tissues such as the skin, lungs, breast, colon, prostate, and other organs. They are characterized by epithelial derivation, invasion of surrounding tissues, and the potential to spread (metastasize) via lymphatic or hematogenous routes.

Pathology and subtypes

Carcinomas are broadly classified by their histologic appearance. Adenocarcinomas form gland-like structures and are common in organs such as the lung, breast, colon, and pancreas. Squamous cell carcinomas arise from squamous epithelium and are typical in the skin, head and neck, and lungs. Other subtypes include urothelial (transitional) carcinomas, hepatocellular and others, depending on the tissue of origin. Tumors are evaluated for depth of invasion, nodal involvement, and distant metastasis.

Risk factors and epidemiology

Risk factors vary by site but commonly include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, infections (for example HPV in anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers, hepatitis viruses in liver cancer), chronic inflammation, radiation exposure, environmental carcinogens (such as asbestos), age, and genetic predispositions. Early detection and site-specific screening influence outcomes.

Diagnosis and staging

Diagnosis relies on imaging (CT, MRI, PET) and histopathology from biopsy or surgical specimens. Immunohistochemistry and molecular testing help determine tumor origin and guide therapy. Staging follows the TNM system, describing tumor size and invasion, nodal involvement, and metastasis.

Treatment and prognosis

Management is site- and stage-specific, typically involving surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapies such as chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Hormone therapy is used for certain carcinomas (e.g., breast or prostate cancer). Prognosis varies widely with stage at diagnosis and tumor biology; early-stage carcinomas offer better outcomes than advanced disease.