Hrab

Hrab refers to a genus of trees belonging to the birch family (Betulaceae). These trees are commonly known as hornbeams and are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, Asia, and North America. The genus includes several species, with the most well-known being European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus).

Hornbeams are deciduous trees, meaning they shed their leaves annually. They typically have smooth, gray bark that is often described as muscle-like or sinewy, especially in older specimens. Their leaves are ovate with serrated margins and prominent parallel veins. In autumn, the foliage turns a yellow or golden color before falling. The fruit of the hornbeam is a small nutlet, often enclosed in a leafy bract, which aids in wind dispersal.

The wood of the hornbeam is exceptionally hard and dense, hence the common name "hornbeam" which derives from the Old English words "hær" (hard) and "beam" (tree). This wood has historically been used for various purposes, including tool handles, furniture, flooring, and in the past, for making the yokes of oxen. Due to its density, it is also a good fuel wood.

In landscaping and horticulture, hornbeams are often used as ornamental trees and for hedging. Their dense growth habit and tolerance to pruning make them suitable for formal gardens and screens. Some species are also valued for their aesthetic appeal in autumn color.