hedging

Hedging is a risk management strategy used to reduce or contain exposure to adverse price movements or other uncertainties. In finance, hedging refers to taking an offsetting or opposite position in a related asset or a derivative to limit potential losses from another asset or risk factor. The goal is not to maximize profits but to stabilize outcomes within a range over time.

Financial hedging involves instruments such as futures contracts, options, forwards, and swaps. For example, a company expecting to receive foreign currency in six months might enter a forward contract to lock in the exchange rate, reducing currency risk. A producer worried about declining commodity prices might buy put options to cap downside while retaining upside potential. Hedging can also use natural or operational means, such as aligning production with revenue streams or matching currencies of costs and revenues.

Hedging has limitations and costs. It may reduce upside gains if markets move favorably, and effectiveness depends on factors like basis risk, liquidity, and the correlation between hedged and hedging instruments. Over-hedging or mispricing can introduce new risks, and hedging decisions are often assessed by metrics such as hedging ratio, cost of hedging, and VaR.

In linguistics, hedging refers to language devices that soften statements or express uncertainty. Examples include may, might, perhaps, seem, and to some extent. Hedging serves to manage commitment, reduce potential face-loss in social interactions, and convey nuance in professional or academic discourse.