offsetting

Offsetting is the act of counterbalancing a quantity, effect, or obligation by creating an opposite quantity, so that the net result is reduced or neutralized. It is often used to manage risk, costs, or environmental impact by introducing a compensating measure elsewhere.

In finance and accounting, offsetting commonly refers to netting or set-off: recording a counter-entry against a related asset or liability to present a net balance or to reduce exposed flows. Use is guided by accounting standards and contracts that specify when offsetting is permitted.

In environmental policy, carbon offsetting involves financing projects that reduce or remove greenhouse gases to compensate for emissions an individual or organization cannot avoid. Biodiversity offsets aim to compensate for residual ecological impacts through habitat restoration or protection. Criticisms include questions of additionality, permanence, leakage, and verification.

In computing, graphics, and engineering, offsetting can mean shifting an object's position or a signal by a fixed vector, or applying a structural offset in design. The concept in these fields is to change the reference point without altering the underlying data.

Because the term spans disciplines, the exact definition and evaluation criteria vary. In all cases, offsetting seeks to balance, mitigate, or neutralize a net effect, but its effectiveness depends on design, measurement, and governance.