Horse

Horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a large domesticated mammal in the family Equidae and a subspecies of the wild horse (Equus ferus). Domestic horses have been bred for traits such as speed, endurance, and temperament, producing many breeds. They were domesticated from wild horses in Eurasia, with origins dating to about 3500–3000 BCE. Throughout history they have served as a means of transport, labor, and a subject of sport and culture.

Anatomy and characteristics: Horses are herbivorous, hindgut fermenters with a single hoof on each limb. They have long heads, strong necks, and flowing manes and tails. Heights are measured in hands (one hand = 4 inches). Coat colors vary widely. They have large eyes and keen senses of hearing and smell, with a capacity for speed and endurance. The main gaits are walk, trot, canter, and gallop; some breeds have additional ambling gaits.

Reproduction and care: Mares (females) typically reach maturity around 2–3 years; stallions around 2–4 years. Gestation lasts about 11 months, producing a foal. Foals stand and nurse soon after birth and are usually weaned by 4–6 months. Domestic care includes regular veterinary checkups, vaccines, dental care, hoof trimming, proper nutrition, shelter, and exercise. Lifespan commonly ranges from 25 to 30 years, with longer lives possible.

Uses and social role: Horses are kept for riding, sport, and work, including racing, dressage, show jumping, eventing, and pulling carriages. They have a global distribution and hundreds of breeds, from ponies to draft horses. Conservation concerns include feral populations and, in some regions, endangered wild relatives such as Przewalski’s horse.