hoof

A hoof is a convex, keratinized structure that covers the distal phalanx (the final bone of a digit) in many mammals, most notably in horses, cattle, deer, and other ungulates. Hooves serve as protective coverings for the sensitive tissues within the digit and play a critical role in weight-bearing and locomotion.

The structure of a hoof consists of multiple parts. The outermost layer is the hard, keratinous hoof wall, which provides strength and resistance to environmental wear. Inside the wall is the sole, a slightly concave, softer area that protects the sensitive underlying tissues. The underneath of a hoof includes the frog, a V-shaped, elastic, and shock-absorbing pad that aids in traction and circulation. The laminae are specialized tissues that connect the hoof wall to the underlying bone, helping to support and suspend the dista phalanx within the hoof capsule.

Hooves grow continuously from the coronary band, an area at the top edge of the hoof, and require regular maintenance through trimming and proper care to prevent issues such as cracks, infections, or lameness. The shape and structure of a hoof are adapted to an animal's environment and activity level; for example, animals in arid regions often have narrower hooves to minimize ground contact, while those in softer terrains have broader hooves for stability.

Understanding hoof anatomy and function is essential in veterinary medicine, farriery, and animal husbandry, as healthy hooves are vital for mobility, health, and overall welfare in hoofed mammals. Conversely, hoof impairments can lead to pain, mobility challenges, and compromised health in affected animals.