Hooves

Hooves are the hard keratinous coverings that encase the distal digits of many ungulates. In horses, the hoof is a single, weight-bearing structure that protects the distal phalanx and surrounding soft tissues. The outer wall forms most of the surface; the sole provides a softer underside, and the frog is a triangular, elastic pad on the bottom that aids shock absorption. Growth originates at the coronary band, and the hoof relies on connective tissue called the laminae to attach the coffin bone to the hoof wall.

In odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyla) such as horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs, weight is borne on a single toe. In even-toed ungulates (artiodactyla) such as cattle, sheep, goats, and deer, weight is typically borne on two or more toes. In many artiodactyls, the two weight-bearing digits are encased in split hooves, or cloven hooves.

Hoofs provide protection, support locomotion, permit traction on varied terrain, and aid in energy transfer during movement. They grow continuously and require regular maintenance, especially in domestic horses, where trimming and shoeing or protective boots are common. Hoof care depends on nutrition, climate, activity level, and exercise.

Common hoof problems include laminitis (inflammation of the laminae that can loosen the connection between the coffin bone and hoof wall), hoof abscesses, thrush, cracks, and infections. Prevention and treatment involve proper nutrition, stable conditions, routine inspection, and timely veterinary or farrier intervention. Hooves are a key evolutionary adaptation of ungulates, with single-toed and split-hoof forms reflecting different ecological niches.