Hernie

A hernia is a medical condition in which tissue or an organ protrudes through an opening or weakness in the wall that normally contains it. Most hernias involve the abdominal wall and result from a defect in muscle or connective tissue. They are commonly classified by location as external hernias—such as inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, and epigastric—and internal forms such as hiatal or diaphragmatic hernias.

Causes include congenital weaknesses, increased intra-abdominal pressure (from heavy lifting, coughing, obesity, or pregnancy), prior surgery, and connective tissue disorders. Some hernias are present at birth, particularly in children, while others develop later in adulthood. Risk increases with age and certain activities that strain the abdomen.

Symptoms vary but often include a visible or palpable bulge that enlarges with activity and may retreat when lying down, along with discomfort or a dull ache in the area. Some hernias are asymptomatic. If the protruded tissue loses its blood supply, severe pain, tenderness, nausea, and vomiting may occur (strangulation). Hiatal hernias may cause heartburn or reflux symptoms.

Treatment depends on type, size, and symptoms. Many small, asymptomatic hernias are monitored, but most inguinal and femoral hernias are repaired surgically to prevent complications. Surgical options include open repair with mesh reinforcement and laparoscopic approaches. Hiatal hernias causing reflux are managed medically in many cases, with surgery reserved for refractory symptoms. Complications can include recurrence, infection, chronic pain, or bowel obstruction.

Etymology: The term derives from Latin hernia, itself from Greek roots, referring to rupture or protrusion. The plural forms are herniae and hernias.