Haredim

Haredim, or Haredi Judaism, refers to communities within Judaism that pursue strict adherence to Halacha (Jewish law) and a lifestyle centered on Torah study, ritual observance, and communal cohesion. The term, derived from the Hebrew hareid meaning tremble or fear, is often rendered as ultra-Orthodox in English. Haredi communities include Hasidic groups and Litvish (non-Hasidic) communities; all emphasize Torah study and modest secular involvement, but they differ in customs, leadership, and interpretations of law.

Historically, Haredim emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries in Central and Eastern Europe as a response to modernity and reform movements. After World War II, many relocated to Israel, the United States, and other countries, preserving distinct dress, education, and family structures. They tend to organize around autonomous yeshivas and synagogues under rabbinic authorities.

Education and daily life typically center on religious study for men, often in yeshivas, while women assume roles in home and community education. Secular schooling and participation in higher education or national military service may be limited or regulated differently across communities and countries. Dress codes are prominent: men in dark suits or frock coats with hats or shtreimels, women in modest clothing and, in some groups, head coverings after marriage.

Geographically, large Haredi populations exist in Israel (notably Jerusalem and Bnei Brak) and in North America (New York–New Jersey area, Montreal, and Chicago). They influence local and national politics, education policy, and social services, while maintaining a focus on religious observance and community life. The label remains contested, reflecting a spectrum of beliefs and practices within Judaism.