ultraOrthodox

Ultra-Orthodox, commonly referred to as Haredi Judaism, describes a broad range of Jewish religious communities that emphasize strict adherence to Halakha (Jewish law) and a commitment to a religiously saturated way of life. The term is widely used in English, but some prefer "Haredi" or "Haredim," which is often considered more neutral or descriptive. Haredi groups typically prioritize Torah study, ritual observance, and community norms over engagement with secular culture.

Origin and composition: The Haredi movement emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries in response to Enlightenment and religious reform movements. It encompasses Hasidic groups—founded by the Baal Shem Tov and including dynasties such as Satmar, Ger, and Chabad—and non-Hasidic Lithuanian-influenced communities often called Litvish or Yeshivish. Central leadership is usually held by prominent rabbis or rebbes, and men devote substantial time to Torah study in yeshivas, while women lead and manage domestic life alongside religious duties.

Daily life and practice: Haredi communities often maintain distinctive dress codes, with men typically wearing dark suits and hats or fur hats in some groups, and women modestly dressed with hair covered. Education emphasizes Talmud and Jewish texts; many schools minimize secular subjects, and technology access may be restricted. Family life tends to be centered on the home and synagogue, with strong communal institutions such as yeshivas, mikvaot, and charitable organizations.

Global presence and issues: Haredi communities are concentrated in Israel, the United States, and parts of Europe. They operate their own schools, synagogues, and social services, and in some locales engage in political activity to secure exemptions from military service or funding for religious education. Debates within and outside the communities concern engagement with secular knowledge, work, gender roles, and the pace of modernization, reflecting a spectrum of approaches within Haredi life.