Hardvaroj

Hardvaroj is the Esperanto term for the physical components of computer systems and other devices that execute instructions, store data, and provide user interfaces. In everyday use, hardvaroj refers to hardware as distinct from softvaroj (software). The hardware layer includes the components that can be touched and measured, and it defines a system’s performance, reliability, and energy use.

Core components. The central processing unit (CPU) performs calculations and controls data flow. Graphics processing units (GPUs) handle parallel computation for graphics and many workloads. Memory, including volatile random-access memory (RAM) and caches, stores data for quick access. Storage devices, such as hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and newer NVMe drives, retain data persistently. The motherboard provides connections and power to all components, and the power supply unit (PSU) delivers electrical energy while cooling systems dissipate heat.

Peripheral and expansion devices include input devices (keyboard, mouse, touch interfaces), output devices (monitors, printers, speakers), and expansion cards (sound cards, network cards). Networking hardware, like routers, switches, and network interface cards, enables data communication. Form factors (ATX, microATX, mini-ITX) and interfaces (PCIe, USB, SATA, M.2) affect compatibility and upgrade options.

Lifecycle and maintenance. Hardware selection balances performance, cost, and energy efficiency. Upgrades and replacements extend useful life, while proper cooling, anti-static handling, and firmware updates protect reliability. End-of-life considerations address recycling and e-waste.

Relation to software. Hardware provides the platform on which software runs. Software communicates with hardware through low-level drivers and system firmware, while virtualization and abstraction can decouple software from specific hardware implementations.