Gnathological

Gnathology is the study of the jaw, its joints, and the mechanics that govern jaw movement and occlusion. The term, derived from the Greek gnathos (jaw) and -logia (study), encompasses anatomy, physiology, and neuromuscular control of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and the muscles of mastication. In clinical practice, gnathology informs how the teeth come into contact, how the jaw positions itself in relation to the skull, and how movements such as opening, closing, and lateral excursions are coordinated.

The gnathological perspective has influenced a range of dental disciplines, including restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, and orthodontics. Practitioners may apply gnathological principles to diagnose occlusal problems, register bite positions, design and adjust dental restorations, fabricate occlusal splints, and guide rehabilitation following tooth loss or jaw surgery. The goal is to achieve a functional, stable, and comfortable bite that distributes biting forces evenly and maintains joint health.

Over time, the term gnathology has faced critique and evolution within dentistry. Some modern approaches emphasize broader neuromuscular, functional, and evidence-based perspectives on craniomandibular disorders (CMD), occlusion, and coordinated jaw function, rather than adhering to a single centric or purely gnathological framework. As a result, gnathological concepts are often integrated with contemporary diagnostic tools and multidisciplinary treatment planning.

Gnathological is an adjective describing theories, methods, or practices grounded in gnathology, or pertaining to its approach to jaw function and occlusion. The term remains most common in historical or dental-education contexts.