GPSGNSShoogtemeters

GPSGNSShoogtemeters are devices that employ global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, or BeiDou to determine the height or altitude of an object relative to a reference ellipsoid, typically WGS‑84. They calculate elevation by first determining latitude and longitude from satellite pseudoranges, then applying a mathematical conversion of the satellite coordinate system to local terrain. The sensors usually include an inertial measurement unit and a precise clock to refine the vertical solution.

Accuracy of GPSGNSShoogtemeters varies with technique and signal environment. Standard code‑multipath techniques provide vertical accuracies on the order of 10 m under open sky, while dual‑frequency and carrier‑phase processing combined with precise ephemeris and reference station corrections can reduce errors to sub‑meter levels. Modern RTK (real‑time kinematic) and PPK (post‑processed kinematic) methods are commonly used in surveying, engineering, and outdoor sports.

Unlike barometric altimeters, GPSGNSShoogtemeters are not affected by atmospheric pressure variations, weather, or temperature changes, making them suitable for long‑term monitoring of vertical change. However, they do require clear sky visibility and incur latency when corrections are applied. In addition, they are insensitive to local vertical datum shifts; conversion between ellipsoidal height and orthometric height requires integration with vertical reference models such as the European Vertical Reference Frame (EVRF) or national datums.

Applications include construction leveling, pipeline installation, geological deformation monitoring, and precision agriculture. Consumer-grade devices such as handheld GNSS units or smartphone modules offer limited vertical accuracy, whereas professional survey equipment with multi‑band receivers and RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring) provide high reliability for engineering tasks.