submeter

A submeter is a device that measures utility consumption for a defined portion of a building, separate from the main utility meter. It enables allocation of electricity, water, or other utilities to individual units, tenants, or spaces, facilitating separate billing and more detailed usage data.

Submeters come in several types. Electrical submeters monitor specific circuits or fixtures within a building; water submeters track water use by unit or fixture; and in some cases gas or space heating submeters are installed. They are typically placed downstream of the main service disconnect to capture the intended portion of consumption.

Technology ranges from basic electromechanical meters to digital and smart submeters. Modern units often support remote reading, data logging, and time-of-use information, transmitting data via wireless networks or power-line communication. Submeters can be integrated with building energy management systems to support efficiency programs and analytics.

Applications and benefits include facilitating separate tenant billing, which can promote conservation and more predictable operating costs. Submetering helps identify anomalies such as leaks, equipment faults, or unusual consumption patterns, and supports energy and water management strategies in multi-tenant properties.

Challenges and regulatory considerations involve installation and maintenance costs, potential for meter tampering, and privacy concerns. Regulations governing submetering and tenant billing vary by jurisdiction and may require compliance with calibration, accuracy standards, and permissible billing methods. See also utility metering, smart meters, and energy management.