Fasads

Fasads refers to the exterior faces of buildings, commonly translated as facades. It denotes the building envelope that defines a structure’s street presence and separates interior spaces from the outdoor environment. A fasad includes walls, windows, doors, and the cladding and decorative elements applied to them, together with integrated systems such as shading devices and canopies.

Fasads perform multiple functions: protecting the interior from weather, controlling heat gain and daylight, supporting ventilation strategies, and enabling architectural expression. They also contribute to safety and energy performance and influence acoustics, privacy, and wind comfort at the pedestrian level.

Materials range from traditional brick, stone, and wood to glass, metal, and composite panels. Construction approaches include load-bearing facades, curtain-wall systems, and insulated panels. Advanced solutions such as double-skin facades, dynamic glazing, and lightweight cladding allow adjustments to climate and daylight.

Throughout history fasads have conveyed cultural identity and technological prowess, from ornate historic facades to sleek contemporary expressions. Preservation of historic fasads requires careful material analysis and compatibility with current safety standards while maintaining visual integrity.

Maintenance includes cleaning, waterproofing, repainting or re-cladding, and monitoring for moisture and structural movement. Building codes regulate facade performance, fire safety, and accessibility, influencing design choices and ongoing maintenance.