F2P

Free-to-play (F2P) is a business model in video games and related services in which players can access and play the core game without paying upfront. Revenue is generated through monetization mechanisms such as microtransactions, cosmetic items, premium features, battle passes, subscriptions, and advertisements, rather than selling the game at a fixed price. F2P games are commonly distributed via digital storefronts and mobile app stores, and they often emphasize ongoing content updates to sustain engagement.

Monetization methods include microtransactions for in-game currency, cosmetic items, convenience features, or progression advantages; loot boxes or gacha mechanics; season passes or battle passes; ads in free content; optional VIP or premium accounts.

Benefits of the F2P model include broad accessibility and potential for long-term revenue, as developers can earn from a large user base and tailor monetization to player engagement. However, F2P can introduce tensions between monetization and balance, with concerns about pay-to-win mechanics, RNG, and aggressive progression gating. To mitigate these issues, many games implement cosmetic-only monetization, time-limited boosts, or transparent drop rates, and some jurisdictions regulate loot boxes and consumer protection.

Design considerations for F2P titles involve onboarding and retention loops, progression pacing, and fairness. Successful F2P games often separate core gameplay from monetized content, ensure meaningful gameplay without purchases, and maintain opt-in purchases rather than gating essential features.

Impact and reception of F2P reflect its widespread adoption across mobile, PC, and console platforms. While it has broadened access and created sustainable revenue for many titles, it remains a subject of ongoing discussion about fairness, transparency, and consumer protection.