Embalming

Embalming is the process of preserving a dead body to slow decomposition and maintain a lifelike appearance for viewing, transport, or study. In modern practice, it typically involves the temporary replacement of blood and other fluids with preservative chemicals, usually via arterial injection, followed by drainage and disinfection. A pump is used to circulate embalming fluid through the arterial system, while a portion of blood and fluid is drained from the veins. After arterial treatment, the chest and abdominal cavities may be aspirated and filled with viscera-preservation solutions. The body is then cleansed, disinfected, and cosmetically prepared with coloring and restoration to improve appearance. Embalmers may also seal the body's cavities to reduce leakage and stabilize tissues.

The fluids used are commonly formaldehyde-based solutions, often with methanol, alcohols, glutaraldehyde, and water; some formulations use phenol or other disinfectants. The procedure is typically performed by licensed professionals in funeral homes, hospitals, or morgues. Embalming is usually not required by law, and its necessity varies by jurisdiction, religion, and individual preference; it may be used for public viewings, delayed burial, or international transport. Autopsies, infectious disease concerns, or special religious rites can influence timing and methods.

Historically, embalming has roots in ancient civilizations and became more systematic with 19th-century chemistry and the growth of funeral industries in North America and Europe. Modern practice emphasizes safety, including ventilation to control formaldehyde exposure and proper disposal of embalming waste.