Ekzeme

Ekzeme is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by itching, red and dry or scaly patches. It is not contagious and tends to fluctuate with flare-ups and remissions. The term refers to a group of skin disorders, with atopic dermatitis being the most frequent form.

The main types include atopic dermatitis, irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, nummular eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and dyshidrotic eczema. Presentation varies by type and body location, and may change over time. Ekzeme can affect people of all ages but often begins in childhood.

Causes and risk factors are multifactorial. A genetic predisposition, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune system differences contribute to the condition. Environmental triggers such as soaps and detergents, allergens, temperature changes, sweating, stress, or infections can precipitate or worsen symptoms. A family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever increases risk.

Symptoms and diagnosis: itching is a common and sometimes dominant symptom, accompanied by red, inflamed patches, dryness, cracking, oozing, or crusting. In chronic cases the skin may thicken. Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and examination. In some cases patch testing, skin swabs, or blood tests may help identify triggers or rule out other conditions.

Treatment and management focus on symptom relief, skin barrier repair, and flare-up prevention. Regular use of moisturizers, avoiding known irritants, and anti-inflammatory treatments such as topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors are standard. In moderate to severe cases, phototherapy or systemic medications may be considered. Addressing infections promptly and identifying personal triggers are important components of long-term management.