flareup

A flare-up, or flare, is a sudden return or worsening of symptoms of a chronic condition after a period of partial or complete remission. Flare-ups are episodic, temporary, and vary in intensity. They are distinguished from full disease remission by the reappearance of active symptoms, abnormal test results, or new evidence of inflammation.

Common in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and eczema. They can also occur after infections, stress, sleep deprivation, hormonal changes, or medication changes or nonadherence. Triggers differ by condition. Clinically, flare-ups may present with pain, fatigue, swelling, fever, skin rashes, breathing difficulties, or abdominal symptoms, depending on the condition.

Diagnosis is usually clinical but may involve lab tests, imaging, or endoscopy to rule out infection or other causes. Management focuses on controlling inflammation and preventing further tissue damage. This can include temporarily increasing disease-modifying medications or using corticosteroids, adjusting maintenance therapy, treating triggers (infection, allergies), and lifestyle measures. In some cases, urgent medical care is required (severe symptoms, high fever, chest pain, or signs of organ involvement).

Prevention emphasizes adherence to therapy, regular follow-up, vaccination, and early recognition of triggers. Patient education and action plans are standard in many chronic diseases to reduce the impact of flare-ups and maintain long-term disease control. Research continues to identify predictors and personalized strategies to minimize flare frequency and severity.