Echinochloa

Echinochloa is a genus of grasses in the family Poaceae, commonly known as barnyard grasses. The genus comprises about 20 to 30 species and is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Echinochloa species occur in wetlands, riverbanks, grasslands, and disturbed soils, and are especially prominent as weeds in agricultural fields such as rice paddies.

Most Echinochloa species are annuals or short-lived perennials. They typically have erect culms, leaves with flat blades, and a membranous ligule. The inflorescence is a dense panicle that is often green to purplish, with spikelets containing one to three florets. Seeds are small and can be produced in large numbers, contributing to a persistent soil seed bank.

Ecology and management considerations emphasize their role as significant agricultural weeds. Echinochloa species compete effectively with crops for light, water, and nutrients, particularly in flooded or waterlogged environments. They germinate rapidly after rainfall and can thrive in nutrient-rich soils, making them a common problem in rice cultivation and other row crops.

Control of Echinochloa is typically achieved through integrated weed management. Cultural practices such as precise water management, early crop competition, and crop rotation are important, along with mechanical and chemical controls. Herbicide resistance has been reported in some populations, underscoring the need for diverse management strategies and regionally tailored recommendations. Notable species include Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) and Echinochloa colona (junglerice).