ETCSenheter

ETCSenheter, or ETCS units, are the hardware and software components that implement the European Train Control System (ETCS) within railway operations. ETCS is part of the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) and is designed to standardize train control across national borders. An ETCSenhet typically comprises an on-board unit (OBU) installed on the train, trackside equipment such as Eurobalises and the Radio Block Centre (RBC), and the communication network (primarily GSM-R) that links the train and the RBC. The OBU processes movement authorities, speed restrictions and braking curves received from the RBC, and monitors train systems to ensure safe operation. The RBC issues movement authorities and monitors train locations; balises provide fixed data along the track and act as position references, particularly in Level 1 operation.

ETCS operates at Levels 1, 2 and 3. Level 1 uses signals and trackside balises to supplement line-side signaling; Level 2 replaces line-side signals with continuous radio communication between the OBU and RBC; Level 3 moves toward moving block with reduced fixed infrastructure, relying on continuous train location reporting by the OBU and, in many implementations, a centralized occupancy management system.

Standardization and interoperability are governed by European agencies and international standards bodies. ETCSenheter are procured from multiple suppliers to meet national safety requirements, while ensuring that cross-border interoperability is maintained. Deployment varies by country and network, but the goal is unified operation under ETCS specifications to improve safety, capacity and efficiency.