railway

Railway, also spelled railroad in North America, refers to a system for moving people and goods over land using rails, rolling stock, and a network of stations and supporting infrastructure. It comprises tracks, stations, signaling, electrical or other power supply, maintenance facilities, and operations to coordinate service.

Origins date to the early 19th century in Britain, with steam locomotives pulling trains on iron rails. Standardization of track gauge and improvements in steel production enabled reliable, long-distance service, contributing to industrial growth. Through the 20th century, electrification, diesel traction, and, later, high-speed designs expanded capabilities worldwide.

Key elements include track with sleepers on ballast, and rails spaced by gauge. Rolling stock consists of locomotives, passenger coaches, and freight wagons. Signaling and train control systems ensure safe headways, from fixed-block operations to modern centralized or cab-signaling. Electrification uses overhead wires or third rails, with varying voltage. Stations, yards, and depots support passenger interchange and train servicing.

Railways carry large volumes with high energy efficiency, particularly for long-distance freight and high-capacity urban transit. Operation relies on timetable planning, maintenance schedules, and safety management. Ownership and governance vary by country, with routes operated by public agencies, private companies, or public-private partnerships in integrated networks.

Recent trends include high-speed rail on dedicated alignments, digital signaling and automation, and shift toward electrification and renewable-powered traction. Developments such as regenerative braking, lightweight materials, and passenger-friendly upgrades aim to increase capacity, reduce costs, and lower environmental impact.

Global networks use several track gauges, with standard gauge (1,435 mm) being the most widely deployed. Narrow and broad gauges exist regionally, complicating cross-border services. Rail remains a central pillar of transport in many countries, complementing road and air travel.