Dysphonie

Dysphonie, or dysphonia in English, is a disturbance of the voice characterized by changes in vocal quality, pitch, loudness, or flexibility. It results from dysfunction of the larynx, especially the vocal folds, or from problems in the vocal tract or neuromuscular control. Symptoms commonly include hoarseness, breathiness, roughness, tremor, and reduced vocal endurance.

Dysphonie is not a disease in itself but a symptom with a broad range of etiologies. It can be categorized as functional (vocal misuse), organic (structural lesions such as nodules, polyps, cysts), or neurological (paralysis, dystonia, or spasmodic dysphonia). Onset can be acute or gradual, and voice changes may improve with treatment or persist chronically.

Common causes include acute or chronic laryngitis, vocal nodules or polyps from overuse, gastroesophageal reflux, allergies, smoking, and dehydration. Neurological conditions, including vocal cord paralysis, essential tremor, and spasmodic dysphonia, can also produce dysphonia. Less often, malignancy or systemic diseases may affect the voice.

Diagnosis relies on history and laryngeal examination, often with videostroboscopy to assess vocal fold vibration. A multidisciplinary evaluation by otolaryngologists and speech-language pathologists helps determine the cause and plan treatment.

Management targets the underlying cause and may include voice therapy to improve vocal technique and reduce abuse, medical treatment for reflux or inflammation, and lifestyle changes. Benign lesions may require surgical removal, and certain neurological dysphonias may need injections or other procedures. In many cases, prognosis improves with early, comprehensive care.

Prevention focuses on vocal hygiene, adequate hydration, safe voice use, and avoidance of irritants. Regular screening is recommended for professionals with high vocal demand.