Cukrovina

Cukrovina is the term used in Czech and some other Slavic languages for diabetes mellitus, a group of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin production, insulin action, or both. The condition affects many body systems and requires ongoing management to prevent complications.

There are several primary forms of cukrovina. Type 1 diabetes involves autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes is defined by insulin resistance with gradual beta-cell dysfunction and often develops in adulthood, though it is increasingly seen in younger people. Gestational diabetes is glucose intolerance that first appears during pregnancy. Other specific types result from genetic defects, diseases of the pancreas, or certain medications.

Typical symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, extreme hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. Some individuals, particularly with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes, may have few or no early symptoms. Diagnosis relies on tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), or random glucose in the presence of symptoms, using established threshold values.

Management aims to keep blood glucose close to normal to reduce the risk of complications. This usually combines lifestyle modifications (healthy eating, physical activity, weight management), self-monitoring of glucose, and pharmacotherapy. Insulin therapy is essential for many with type 1 diabetes and is used in various cases of type 2 diabetes. Other medications, such as metformin and newer agents, may be employed as needed. Regular screening for complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, feet, and cardiovascular system is an important part of care.

Cukrovina is a major global health concern due to its rising prevalence and association with serious, often preventable, complications. Public health measures emphasize prevention, early detection, and access to comprehensive treatment.