Ctenizidae

Ctenizidae is a family of mygalomorph spiders, commonly known as trapdoor spiders. These spiders are ground-dwelling and build silk-lined burrows, often with a hinged trapdoor at the entrance. The family is found in various parts of the world, including North and South America, Africa, Australia, and parts of Europe and Asia. Trapdoor spiders are characterized by their relatively stout bodies and powerful chelicerae, which they use for digging and defense. They are ambush predators, waiting for unsuspecting prey to pass by the entrance of their burrow before emerging to capture it.

The diet of Ctenizidae typically consists of insects, other arthropods, and occasionally small vertebrates. Their burrows can vary in depth and complexity, sometimes featuring multiple entrances or chambers. The trapdoor itself is a remarkable structure, constructed from silk mixed with soil, leaves, or other debris, allowing it to blend seamlessly with the surrounding environment. When prey approaches, the spider can detect vibrations through the silk lining of the burrow or a tripwire of silk laid across the entrance.

Reproduction in Ctenizidae involves courtship rituals where males locate females by their burrows. After mating, the female lays eggs in a silken sac within the burrow. Spiderlings remain with the mother for a period before dispersing to establish their own burrows. Despite their formidable appearance and venom, Ctenizidae spiders are generally not considered dangerous to humans. Bites are rare and typically only occur when a spider is directly threatened or handled.