Crampi

Crampi is the term used for cramps, or sudden, involuntary muscle contractions that cause pain. Cramps most often affect leg muscles, particularly the calves and thighs, but any skeletal muscle can be affected. They can occur during or after physical activity, at rest, and are especially common at night. Most cramps are brief and resolve on their own.

Causes and risk factors include dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (low potassium, calcium, or magnesium), muscle fatigue or overuse, prolonged sitting or standing, and poor circulation. Pregnancy, certain medications (such as diuretics or some statins), and underlying conditions like thyroid disorders, diabetes, kidney disease, or liver disease can also contribute.

Symptoms and diagnosis: a cramp presents as a sudden, intense tightening or knot-like feeling in the muscle, often with pain. The affected muscle may feel firm and difficult to relax. Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and examination. Investigations are considered if cramps are frequent, progressive, or accompanied by swelling, redness, numbness, or weakness suggesting a vascular or neurological issue.

Treatment and management: for an acute cramp, gently stretch the muscle, flex the foot toward the shin (dorsiflexion), and massage. Applying heat or mild movement after the cramp can help. Prevention focuses on hydration, maintaining balanced electrolytes, and regular stretching, especially around exercise. Some people benefit from magnesium supplements, though evidence varies and they should be discussed with a clinician, particularly in individuals with kidney disease. Review medications with a healthcare provider if cramps are frequent.

When to seek care: seek medical advice if cramps are severe, persistent, or associated with swelling, redness, numbness, weakness, or signs of vascular or neurological problems.