dorsiflexion

Dorsiflexion is the movement that decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the anterior leg, bringing the top of the foot closer to the shin. It occurs primarily at the ankle joint (talocrural joint) and is contrasted by plantarflexion, which moves the foot downward away from the shin.

Muscles involved in ankle dorsiflexion include the tibialis anterior as the primary mover, with the extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and the peroneus tertius serving as secondary contributors. The tendons of these muscles cross the front of the ankle to attach to the foot, enabling lift-off of the forefoot during movement.

Normal range of motion for ankle dorsiflexion varies with knee position. Active dorsiflexion typically ranges from 0 to about 20 degrees with the knee flexed; with the knee extended, the range is usually reduced due to gastrocnemius involvement. Dorsiflexion is essential during gait, allowing the tibia to advance over the foot in stance and enabling adequate foot clearance during swing.

Clinically, reduced dorsiflexion can result from tight or shortened plantarflexor muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) or ankle joint stiffness, and may contribute to gait abnormalities such as toe drag. Weakness of dorsiflexors can lead to foot drop, often associated with injury to the deep peroneal nerve or other peroneal structures.

Assessment focuses on passive and active ROM and muscle strength, often complemented by functional tests. Management may include stretching of the plantarflexors, strengthening of the dorsiflexors, gait training, and, in some cases, orthotic devices to support ankle positioning.