Ceilings

A ceiling is the upper interior surface of a room, forming the boundary between the living space and the structure above. It serves practical purposes such as concealing structural members, mechanical systems, and wiring, while also shaping aesthetics, light diffusion, and acoustics. Ceilings influence thermal comfort and can contribute to fire resistance with appropriate materials and assemblies.

Ceilings vary by form and complexity. Flat ceilings are the most common in many interiors. Vaulted ceilings raise the roof line and can be barrel, groin, or domed in profile. Coffered ceilings feature recessed panels, and tray ceilings use a stepped inset for visual depth. Beamed ceilings display visible structural or decorative timbers. Suspended or dropped ceilings place a grid of supports on which lightweight tiles or panels are mounted, often used to conceal bulky systems and allow easy access for maintenance.

Materials and finishes range from plaster and gypsum drywall to wood, metal, concrete, and composite panels. Plaster or gypsum board are typical in modern interiors, while historic spaces may use decorative plaster, wood paneling, or plaster-applied finishes. Finishes include paint, wallpaper, tiles, and wood veneer. Acoustical products, such as perforated panels or mineral wool, may be added to improve sound quality, and lighting fixtures are frequently integrated or recessed into ceilings.

Standard ceiling height varies by region and building type, with common residential heights around 8 feet (about 2.4 meters) and higher ceilings increasingly used in new construction. Maintenance concerns include sagging, cracks, water damage, and mold, while proper detailing and materials contribute to durability and energy efficiency.