Bakkunst

Bakkunst, often translated as ceramics or ceramic art, is the artistic and practical craft of shaping and finishing objects from clay and related materials. It covers a broad range of works from utilitarian vessels to sculptural pieces, and typically involves forming, drying, bisque firing, glazing, and final firing. The field encompasses both functional wares and decorative or artistic objects.

Materials and techniques commonly used in bakkunst include earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Techniques range from hand-building methods such as pinching and coiling to wheel throwing and slip casting. Decoration may be applied with glaze, underglaze painting, overglaze enamels, sgraffito, or inlay. Firing occurs in kilns of various types—electric, gas, wood-fired—and at different temperatures and atmospheres, all of which influence the texture, color, and durability of the final piece.

History and practice span many cultures and eras. Ceramics date to ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, with Chinese porcelain becoming a major global influence. In Europe, tin-glazed pottery and Delftware developed, followed by the rise of modern studio pottery in the 20th century. Influential movements include the British studio pottery tradition led by figures such as Bernard Leach and Michael Cardew, which emphasized artisanal techniques and the unity of craft and art. Contemporary bakkunst encompasses a wide range of approaches, from functional ware to sculpture and installation.

Education and practice today occur worldwide through art schools, universities, studios, galleries, and collectives. Bakkunst intersects with design, craft, and fine art, contributing to industrial design, architectural ceramics, and public art while continuing to explore material, process, and aesthetic expression.