Arvutikaitse

Arvutikaitse is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, damage, or disruption. It combines technical controls, organizational processes, and user awareness to manage risk and ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and services.

The scope includes hardware and software security, network security, data protection, and governance of information systems. It covers both individual devices and larger IT infrastructures, such as corporate networks, data centers, and cloud environments.

Common threats include malware such as viruses and ransomware, phishing and social engineering, zero-day exploits, insider threats, data breaches, and distributed denial of service attacks. Threats may target confidentiality, integrity, or availability of data and services.

Defensive measures emphasize defense-in-depth: up-to-date antivirus, firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, encryption of data at rest and in transit, secure coding practices, timely patching, access controls, authentication (preferably multi-factor), backups, and tested incident response and disaster recovery plans.

Security governance and practices include risk assessment, security policies, least-privilege access, separation of duties, change management, regular security testing, and user education to reduce human error.

Legal and organizational context includes compliance with data protection regulations (such as GDPR in Europe), industry standards (ISO/IEC 27001 family), and national cyber security strategies that guide public and private sector resilience.

Education and awareness are important for individuals and organizations, including ongoing training, awareness campaigns, and drills to improve recognition of phishing, social engineering, and safe online behavior.