Alkoholiosa

Alkoholiosa is a term used in several languages to denote a problematic pattern of alcohol use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. In clinical practice it is often treated as synonymous with alcohol use disorder or alcoholism, though exact definitions vary by diagnostic framework. The condition can be mild, moderate, or severe and affects health, functioning, and social relations.

Diagnosis is usually based on criteria such as a persistent desire to cut down, failure to do so, time spent obtaining or using alcohol, cravings, and continued use despite problems. In the DSM-5, alcohol use disorder is defined as a problematic pattern with at least two criteria within 12 months, with severity increasing with more criteria. ICD-11 distinguishes alcohol dependence and harmful use as related concepts.

Risk factors include genetic predisposition, early initiation of drinking, comorbid mental health conditions, trauma, stress, and social or environmental influences. Chronic use can lead to physical health problems such as liver disease, cardiovascular issues, and neurological effects, as well as cognitive and behavioral changes.

Treatment emphasizes reducing harm and may aim for abstinence or controlled use. Evidence-based options include motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy with naltrexone, acamprosate, or disulfiram. Withdrawal management, medical detox when needed, and support groups such as mutual-help programs are commonly part of care. Comorbid conditions are addressed in an integrated treatment plan.

Prognosis varies with severity, duration, and access to treatment. Many individuals reduce or stop drinking with appropriate care, though relapse is common and ongoing support may be required. Public health approaches emphasize early identification, preventive measures, reducing stigma, and availability of integrated treatment services.