ANFO

ANFO stands for ammonium nitrate fuel oil, a widely used bulk industrial explosive. It combines an oxidizer, ammonium nitrate, with a hydrocarbon fuel such as fuel oil or diesel. The mixture is designed for large-scale blasting operations where bulk handling, low cost, and high energy release are advantageous.

In practice, ANFO is relatively insensitive to minor shocks and friction but requires a booster or primary explosive to initiate detonation under suitable confinement. Its performance depends on factors such as density, confinement, and the presence of contaminants. As a result, it is typically employed in controlled blasting scenarios rather than in small, sensitive charges.

ANFO is especially prevalent in mining, quarrying, and civil construction for rock blasting and open-pit operations. Its simple formulation, ease of transport, and effective energy release at large scales contribute to its widespread use. Limitations include dependence on proper confinement and borehole design, as well as reduced effectiveness in damp or poorly prepared rock formations.

Safety and regulation are important considerations. Ammonium nitrate is also a widely used fertilizer, which has led to regulatory controls on the storage, handling, and distribution of ANFO in many countries to prevent misuse. Industrial use generally involves compliance with safety standards, training, and oversight by relevant authorities to mitigate hazards associated with blasting operations.