shocks

Shocks are sudden, rapid changes in a system caused by impulses or disturbances. The term is used across disciplines to describe transient, high-intensity effects that contrast with gradual processes. Common domains include physics, engineering, medicine, and economics, where shocks may be physical, biological, or informational.

Shock waves are disturbances that propagate faster than the local speed of sound, causing abrupt changes in pressure, temperature, and density. They occur in explosions, supersonic flows, and various materials. In engineering, they influence jet design and safety standards.

Mechanical shocks are brief, high-magnitude forces acting on objects. They arise from impacts, blasts, or rapid accelerations and last only for milliseconds. Design approaches assess peak forces, duration, and the frequency content of the load.

Electrical shock happens when current passes through the body, potentially causing injury. Effects depend on current, path, duration, and frequency, ranging from minor sensations to cardiac arrest. Safety relies on insulation, grounding, and adherence to codes.

Circulatory shock is a life-threatening failure of tissue perfusion. Categories include hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive types, each with distinct causes. Treatment aims to restore perfusion, treat the underlying cause, and support organs.

Economic and social shocks are abrupt disruptions of markets, policy, or institutions. They can alter prices, demand, supply chains, and confidence. Examples include commodity shocks, financial crises, political upheavals, and disasters.